Blood Circulation: Questions and Answers

 

Blood circulation 

 

1) Which embryonic germ layer forms the blood?

Answer: Mesoderm

2) What is also known as a fluid connective tissue?

Answer: Blood

3) Which mineral is associated with blood coagulation?

Answer: Calcium

4) What is the normal lifespan of white blood cells?

Answer: 13 to 20 days

5) What is the normal lifespan of red blood cells?

Answer: 120 days

6) Which white blood cell secretes
heparin?

Answer: Basophils

7) Which white blood cells perform phagocytosis?

Answer: Neutrophil and Monocyte

8) Which white blood cells produce antibodies?

Answer: Lymphocytes

9) Which WBC protects us from
allergies?

Answer: Eosinophils

10) Which is the largest lymphatic organ of the body?

Answer: Spleen

11) What is chromoprotein?

Answer: Any protein, such as haemoglobin, that has a metal-containing pigmented group such as haem.

12) Which protein is present in haemoglobin?

Answer: Globin

13) What is the normal haemoglobin content of an
adult man?

Answer: 14.5 gm/dL

14) Which veins carry oxygenated blood?

Answer: Pulmonary vein

15) Which chamber of the heart is connected with the pulmonary artery?

Answer: Right ventricle

16) Which artery carries deoxygenated blood?

Answer: Pulmonary Artery

17) Where are the semilunar valves located?

Answer: The semilunar valves are located between the ventricles and outflow vessels.

18) Where are the aortic valves located?

Answer: Located between the left ventricle and the aorta.

19) How many layers does the pericardium have?

Answer: two layers, 1) visceral layer & 2) parietal layer.

20) How many layers does an artery have?

Answer: Three layers, 1) tunica intima 2) tunica media and 3) tunica adventitia.

21) What kind of layers do capillaries have?

Answer: Endothelium layer

22) The wall of the heart consists of how many layers?

Answer: Three, these are Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium.

23) What is the outermost layer of the heart?

Answer: Epicardium

24) What is the innermost layer of the heart?

Answer: Endocardium

25) What is another name for the natural pacemaker of the heart?

Answer: SA node or sinoatrial node

26) what is the medical term for heart attack?

Answer: Myocardial Infarction

27) What is leukaemia?

Answer: Leukaemia is a blood cancer that usually begins in the bone marrow and results in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells.

28) What is purpura?

Answer: A rare and serious condition in which blood cells called platelets are reduced, a purple rash develops, and blood clots block blood vessels throughout the body.

29) Which vitamin is also called the anti-haemorrhagic vitamin?

Answer: Vitamin K

30) Which blood group is known as a universal donor?

Answer: 'O' group

31) Which blood group is known as a universal recipient?

Answer: 'AB' group

32) Which blood group does not contain any antigens?

Answer: 'O' group

33) Which blood group does not contain any antibodies?

Answer: 'AB' group

Read More

Animal Nutrition: Questions and Answers

 

Nutrition 

1) Which vitamin deficiency causes night blindness?

Answer: Vitamin A

2) Which type of food doesn't produce energy?

Answer: Vitamin

3) Which metal is present in vitamin B12?

Answer: Cobalt

4) Give some examples of macroelements?

Answer: Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium, Sodium, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Phosphorus e.t.c.

5) Give some examples of trace elements or microelements?

Answer: Iron, Chromium, Iodine, Copper, Manganese, Zinc e.t.c.

6) Which enzyme is present in saliva?

Answer: Ptyalin

7) What is the simplest form of protein?

Answer: Amino acid

8) Give some examples of proteolytic enzymes?

Answer: Pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin and trypsin

9) Give some examples of saccharolytic or amylolytic enzymes.

Answer: Maltase, isomaltase, lactase, sucrase, amylase.

10) Give some examples of lipolytic enzymes.

Answer: Gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase, intestinal lipase.

11) Which vitamins are damaged by heat?

Answer: Vitamin B complex and Vitamin C

12) Which gland secrets ptyalin?

Answer: Saliva gland

13) Which metals and nonmetals are associated with Rickets?

Answer: Calcium (metal) and phosphorus (nonmetal)

14) What is tryptophan?

Answer: Tryptophan is an example of essential amino acid.

15) What are the 9 essential amino acids?

Answer: The 9 essential amino acids are:
histidine, isoleucine, leucine,
lysine, methionine, phenylalanine,
threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

16) What are the names of essential fatty acids?

Answer: alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid).

17) What are the calorific values of carbohydrates, protein and fat?

Answer: Carbohydrate= 4.0 calorie/gm
Protein= 4.1 calorie/gm
Fat= 9 calorie/gm

18) What are chyme and chyle?

Answer: Chyme —The thick semifluid mass of partly digested food that is passed from the stomach to the duodenum.

Chyle — A digestive fluid containing fatty droplets, found in the small intestine.

19) What is keratomalacia?

Answer: An eye disorder that leads to a dry cornea, often caused by a deficiency of vitamin A.

20) Which apparatus is used to measure BMR?

Answer: Benedict-Roth

21) What is the average BMR of an adult person?

Answer: 40 kilocalorie/hour/meter² for men
37 kilocalorie/hour/meter² for women

22) Which one is known as bodybuilding food?

Answer: Protein

23) Which amino acid is responsible for melanin production of skin?

Answer: Tyrosine

24) Which organ of the human body perform deamination?

Answer: Liver

25) In which form is glucose stored in the liver and muscles?

Answer: Glycogen

26) Which mineral helps to produce haemoglobin in the blood, myoglobin in muscles and cytochrome in cells?

Answer: Iron (Fe)

27) Which situations can decrease BMR?

Answer: Cold weather, long-term malnutrition, fasting and some diseases like hypopituitary, hypothyroidism and less secretion of the adrenal cortex.

28) Which diseases are caused by protein malnutrition or protein deficiency?

Answer: Kwashiorkor and Marasmus

29) What is metabolism and what are the two types of metabolism?

Answer: Metabolism
chemical reactions of organic compounds that occur in living cells in presence of enzymes.

Two types of Metabolism are:

(I) Anabolism
The constructive metabolism of the body, for example - photosynthesis,  glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis

(II) Catabolism
destructive metabolism, usually including the release of energy and breakdown of materials, for example - glycogenolysis, glycolysis and respiration.

30) What is Glycogenesis?

Answer: The synthesis of glycogen from glucose.

Site of glycogenesis: Liver and muscles

31) What is Glycogenolysis?

Answer: The production of glucose by splitting a glucose monomer from glycogen using inorganic phosphate.

Site of glycogenolysis: cytoplasm of liver cells and muscle cells.

32) What is Glycolysis?

Answer: The cellular degradation of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid, and ATP as an energy source.

Site of glycolysis: cytoplasm of cells

33) What is Gluconeogenesis or glucogenesis?

Answer: The production of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.

Site of gluconeogenesis: Liver and kidney

34) What is cementum?

Answer: A bony substance that covers the root of a tooth.

35) What is the structural unit of absorption?

Answer: Villus (or villi in plural)

36) Which type of ulcer originated in the conjunction of stomach and gullet (or oesophagus)?

Answer: Esophageal ulcer

Read More

PCRA Quiz Questions with Answers

  

1) India has the largest deposits of __?__ in the world.

Ans: Mica

2) The gases used in different types of welding would include —

Ans: Oxygen and Acetylene

3) Fathometer is used to measure —

Ans: oceans depth 

4) India's integrated missile development programme was started in —

Ans: 1983

5) Grand Central Terminal, Park Avenue, New York is the world's largest —

Ans: railway station

6) International tiger day celebration in —

Ans: July 29

7) World forestry day is celebrated at —

Ans: 21st march

8) Durand cup is associated with —

Ans: Football 

9) Which of the following metals form an amalgam with other metals?

Ans: Mercury 

10) Who was Guru Govinda Singh?

Ans: 10th Sikh guru and the founder of Khalsa the inner council of Sikhs in 1699 

11) Fuel used in thermal powerplants is —

Ans: Fossil fuels

12) The powerplant which converts pose potential energy of falling water into electricity is —

Ans: Hydroelectric powerplants 

13) Which are two main alcohols used in the engine as a fuel —

Ans: Methanol and Ethanol 

14) How much of the known universe mass is made up of hydrogen —

Ans: 75%

15) Which of the following is a non-renewable source of energy?

Ans: Fossil fuels 

16) Biogas is formed in the —

Ans: Presence of water and absence of air only

17) Which of the given produces energy because of temperature differences at various levels in the ocean?

Ans: Ocean thermal energy 

18) Which of the given is the odd one out?

A) Petroleum   B) Hydroelectricity    C) Coal   D) CNG

Ans: B

19) LNG consists of more than 98% of which gas?

Ans: Methane 

20) Which state produces the largest amount of wind energy in India?

Ans: Tamil Nadu

21) The measurement of electrical energy is?

Ans: Watt or Kilowatt 

22) Which one represents regulative function of forests?

Ans: Conservation of soil and water 

23) Swamps differ from marshes in having?

Ans: Trees and shrubs 

24) Maximum percentage of Methane present in biogas is-

Ans: 75%

25) Example of spontaneous radioactive decay includes-

Ans: Nuclear fission 

26) Which country has maximum per capital greenhouse gas emission?

Ans: Australia (1st), USA (2nd), Canada (3rd)

27) Electricity is the movement of -

Ans: Electrons

28) What is the simplest molecule and a potential source of energy?

Ans: Hydrogen 

Read More

All About Enzymes (Most Important Facts)

Enzyme : 

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts (biocatalysts). Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions. 

Substrates and products : 

The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. 

An enzymatic reaction in a living cell

First discovered enzyme: 

In 1833 Anselme Payen discovered the first enzyme Diastase, which is any one of a group of enzymes that catalyses the breakdown of starch into maltose.

Different parts of enzymes: 

The main two parts of enzymes are apoenzyme and cofactor. 

 1) Apoenzyme 

 Apoenzyme is the protein part of an enzyme. 

2) Cofactor 

A cofactor is the protein less part of the enzyme. 

I) Organic part of cofactors: 

I-a) Prosthetic group 

When the protein less part of the enzyme is tightly attached with protein then it is called a prosthetic group. 

I-b) Coenzyme 

When the protein less part of the enzyme is loosely attached to protein then it is called a coenzyme. 

II) Inorganic part of cofactors Such as metal ion's like Mg²+, Cu²+ e.t.c. 

 **Holoenzyme Apoenzyme and cofactor together called a holoenzyme. 

Three types of digestive enzymes: 

 

(1) Saccharolytic or amylolytic enzyme: Enzymes involved in the breaking down carbohydrates for energy. 

List of Amylolytic enzymes 

(2) Proteolytic enzyme: 

Enzymes are involved in the hydrolysis of proteins into peptides and amino acids; especially as part of the digestion of food. 

Lipolytic enzymes list 

(3) Lipolytic enzyme: 

Enzymes are involved in the breaking down of lipids or fats into fatty acids and glycerol. 

Lipolytic enzymes list

Proenzyme: 

Any inactive precursor of an enzyme is converted to an enzyme by proteolysis. 

Example: Pepsinogen and trypsinogen are inactive forms of proteolytic enzyme pepsin and trypsin 

Isoenzyme 

isozymes are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction. 

For example, five isoenzymes of Lactic dehydrogenase are already discovered they are LD1, LD2, LD3, LD4 and LD5 

Antienzyme 

An inhibitor of enzyme action especially: one produced by living cells. 

Example: Tapeworms are made of protein and lived in our intestine but intestinal enzymes cannot digest them because tapeworms secrets a chemical that can prevent proteolytic enzymes work. 

Activator Enzyme 

activators are molecules that bind to enzymes and increase their activity. They are the opposite of enzyme inhibitors. 

Example: HCl, enteropeptidase, bile salts (sodium taurocholate and sodium glycolate) 

Ribozyme 

Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that can catalyze specific biochemical reactions, including RNA splicing in gene expression, similar to the action of protein enzymes.

Read More